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It's not like people get thrown in jail if they choose not to buy health insurance, they just get taxed slightly higher, just like we tax people slightly higher or lower for dozens and dozens of other reasons without the supreme court having to rule on each one.
Except this isn't a tax, this is a penalty for not buying health insurance being disguised as a tax. That argument didn't fly at all with the courts.
And the main point of law that's being used in the Constitution is the Commerce Clause. The question here is "Does the Commerce Clause allow Congress to require citizens to purchase a product and/or a service?". Two judges have said yes, and two have said no so far, with the biggest case saying no, and this is the question that will ultimately end up before the Supreme Court.
Really, I think the judge in this case has made a good point. If the federal government can require people to buy and carry health insurance, what's to stop them from requiring people to buy and eat healthy fruits and vegetables? Or pulling out a mortgage on a home that people own? Or buying GM electric cars (even if they have a driving radius of 80 miles or so)? It would give Congress way too much power, and render the idea of a limited federal government meaningless.