Once you finish the quest, you can raise your skill to 300. But, he won't give you the next couple patterns until you reach a minimum skill.
Skill
240 Trauma Surgeon gives [Heavy Mageweave Bandage]
260 Trauma Surgeon gives [Runecloth Bandage]
290 Trauma Surgeon gives [Heavy Runecloth Bandage]
It won't even show these as options until you hit the threshhold skill level. But, the trauma surgeon will have them. So, for now you need to keep cranking out the Mageweave bandages until you hit 240.
If you don't have the Mageweave bandage, you need to get the
Manual from the same
guy in Dustwallow Marsh (for Horde) you bought the manual to train up to 225 and bought the Heavy Silk bandage manual.